Scientists have discovered the biological link between stress, anxiety and depression. Uncovering the biology of depression yale scientific. The finding of various structural and chemical abnormalities in the brain through neuroimaging has been the mainstay in depression research. Second, the prevalence of known psychosocial vulnerabilities. Biology of depression neurotransmitters depression. Apr 22, 2010 new data on the function of the hpa axis and the role of crf in stress response, contribute to the further understanding to the neurobiology of depression. The medical model of mental illness treats mental disorders in the same way as a broken arm, i. Animal models of anxiety and anxiolytic drug action 681. Psychological, biological and social perspectives arthur schwartz and ruth schwartz. Compare and contrast two theories of major depression. Supporters of the medical model consequently consider symptoms to be outward signs of the inner physical disorder and believe that if symptoms are grouped together and classified into a.
Uncovering the biology of depression jonathan hwang jonathan. Abstract depression is one of the most pervasive disorders and a leading cause of disability worldwide. However, research has shown that our environment can affect factors such as our. Five theories have been developed to explain the mechanism of depressive mood disorders, including the monoamine, biorhythm, neuroendocrine, neuroimmune, and kindlingneuroplasticity theories. Biochemicals relate to the chemicals and substances within our bodies, we have a lot of different organs and processes producing these chemicals and substances in our bodies, we know that these substances effect both our mind as well as our physical bodies. It is often accompanied by low selfesteem, loss of interest in normally enjoyable activities, low energy, and pain without a clear cause. Depressive disorders are complex neurobiological conditions, and it is.
Depression is like grief, in that it often occurs as a reaction to the loss of an important relationship. Nonbiological explanation ao1 ao2 psychology wizard. As for the present therapeutic implications, the monoaminergic theory of depression is paralleled with the chronobiolgy theory and mainly with the theory of circadian rhythm dysregulation. This does not imply, however, that both syndromes are merely different phenotypical expressions of a genetically based constitution sharing similar biological underpinnings. But coaching in the world of sports is hardly a secure enterprise.
Chapter 09 depression wayne mcduffie was a football coach with a solid record of achievement at several southeastern universities. Yet another theory of depression is based on a biological model. Studies charting the prevalence of depression among children and adolescents report high percentages of youngsters in both groups with depressive symptoms. Learning may make human behavior so independent of biological constraints that it can occasionally assume a form entirely contrary to the principles of biological evolution. Colum we use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. Autopsy evidence suggests that people with depression who experienced longterm stress and then went on to commit suicide showed reduced formation of new neurons in the hippocampus. Genetic factors depression often runs in families, which suggests that individuals may inherit genes that make them vulnerable to developing depression. Depression is a common and debilitating mental health condition whose. Depression theoretical approaches psychology wiki fandom. You may have heard that depression is the result of a simple imbalance of brain chemicals. Several theories concerning the biologically based cause of depression have been suggested over the years, including theories revolving around monoamine neurotransmitters. Those in the biological condition then read an empirically based biological explanation of gener.
The information in this document is not intended as a substitute for professional medical. Depression is not limited to a certain place or group of people and is therefore not confined by borders, racial background, age or wealth. Three cognitive theories of depression psychological. Indeed, martin seligman 19731975 is often cited for having referred to depression as the common cold of psychiatry because of the rate at which it was encountered at the time. Genetic, molecular and neuroimaging studies have continued to contribute to advances in understanding the neurobiological basis of depressive illness kupfer et al. Unipolar major depressive disorder is a common condition that has both emotional mood and anxiety and physical aspects 1. Depression ranks higher than ischemic heart disease, violence, strokes, and traffic accidents. As the depression deepens, biological symptoms including changes in sleep patterns. The theory that depression is a biological disease, caused by an imbalance of serotonin and the other neurotransmitters is invalid. The physical manifestations are common features of depression present in up to 80% of depressed patients 2.
Drug treatments and biological theories are predominant in the united. These theories include the cognitive behavioural model and the behavioural. Although each theory has its strengths, it is argued that an adequate cognitive account of depression is awaited. The exact aetiology of depression remains unknown with multiple theories proposed. Biological theories of depression and implications for. The unit 2 exam expects you to know about one non biological explanation of a disorder other than schizophrenia.
A complex set of biological processes has been implicated in the etiology and course of depressionalthough such research has not always clarified whether such processes are underlying causal factors, correlates, or consequences of. Depression is the principal cause of illness and disability in the world. Freud 1917 prosed that many cases of depression were due to biological factors. New data on the function of the hpa axis and the role of crf in stress response, contribute to the further understanding to the neurobiology of depression. The second model attributes suicide to a breakdown of adaptive mechanisms in extremely stressful novel environments. No, its not the neurotransmitters, depression is not a.
Depression symptoms, causes, medications and therapies. As long as mcduffie was coaching, mcduffie was happy. Depression major depressive disorder antidepressant. Other influential models, such as the approachwithdrawal and valencearousal models, are. What links here related changes upload file special pages permanent link page. Scientific studies have found that different brain areas show altered activity in people with major depressive disorder, and this has encouraged advocates of various theories. By identifying the connecting mechanism in the brain, the researchers show exactly how stress and anxiety. Depression is a complex condition and has attracted the attention of a large number of theorists who have approached the condition from a number of points of view psychological theories of depression edit. Pdf five theories of the mechanism of depression researchgate. You are also expected to understand a psychological treatment for depression which is linked to these explanations. Each type of depression is associated with different mixtures of causes. In context of the diathesisstress hypothesis, the biological factors typically function as diatheses, the psychological factors may serve as diatheses or stressors, and sociological factors tend to function as stressors or triggers.
To achieve this longterm goal, we propose focusing on 3 intermediate goals. The etiology of depression depression in parents, parenting, and. Evaluation of the biological approach psychologist world. Future research examining individual depressive symptoms may shed light on the structure and nature. Organization 2004, unipolar depression is currently in third place worldwide on the burden of disease list. Major depressive disorder mdd, also known simply as depression, is a mental disorder characterized by at least two weeks of low mood that is present across most situations. Diathesisstress models of depression the model shown in figure 9. Consequently, the treatment profile is also diversified. Some of the known causes of depression which can have a genetic component or origin include. Depression is a treatable medical illness involving an imbalance of. Do you want to read interesting books about psychology. Factors spanning these causative groups include nutritional deficiencies in magnesium, vitamin d, and tryptophan with situational origin but biological impact. Pdf pp presentation with notes of the lecture given during the first cinp educational. It is a house of cards promoted by big pharma and its influence peddling in academic psychiatry.
Scientific research confirms a strong presence of biological, psychosocial, and. A more direct and powerful method to test this model is to identify biological markers of arousal and anhedonia. All participants first read a paragraph about the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder, which was taken from the national institute of mental healths online publication titled anxiety disorders 30. Depression has been linked to problems or imbalances in the brain, specifically with the neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Depression rarely occurs independent of other psychological disorders, including.
Biologicalexplanationsofgeneralized anxietydisorder. Felmingham university of sydney, australia abstract current theoretical models of emotion highlight the importance of distinguishing depression and anxiety. Genetic data psychological theories of depression psychoanalytic theory cognitive theory psychological theories of depression haplessness hopelessness theories learned hopelessness attribution learned helplessness hopelessness theory. This model has been adopted by psychiatrists rather than psychologists. Medical model treating mental disorders simply psychology. The unit 2 exam expects you to know about one nonbiological explanation of a disorder other than schizophrenia. It ranks eighth among lowincome countries and first in medium and highincome countries. Tanner 2009 in her research shows the tendency for women to say sorry as a way to express empathy, while men use it and hear it as an apology. We are now going to have a brief discussion of the many biological, psychological and social factors that have been identified as being related to major depressive disorder. The biochemical and genetic explanation does not take into account significant psychological stressors i. Simple deficit theories in both domains have given way to more complex models that emphasize multiple regulatory systems.
Biological, psychosocial, and spiritual dimensions and. Oct 05, 2011 social environment plays a role in depression both directly and indirectly. Depression is most likely due to a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Sometimes people say they think they were born with depression or have always felt sad since they were young. Stewart, 2010 the psychological causes of depression are very vast, however three theories on how depression comes about will be explored in this essay. Cognitive theories of depression in children and adolescents. Brainimaging technologies, such as magnetic resonance imaging mri, have shown that the parts of the brain involved in mood, thinking, sleep, appetite, and behavior of people who have depression function differently than those of. Biological link between stress, anxiety and depression. Second, all of psychiatrys biological treatments for depression whether it is drugs, electroshock, or psychosurgery are based on the idea that the unhappiness we call depression can be caused by a biological malfunction rather than life experience. A complex set of biological processes has been implicated in the etiology and course of depressionalthough such research has not always clarified whether such processes are underlying causal factors, correlates, or consequences of depression.
Worldwide, depression is a major cause of disability and premature death. Depression can affect anyone at any age though it does seem to be more prominent in females. Biological and psychological aspects of depression. The biological approach in psychology is highly reductionist in its approach to the complexity of human behavior and emotion. Biological theory of depression in the light of new evidence. First, we need to understand which symptoms or patterns of symptoms eg, fatigue, anhedonia, guilt feelings are specifically predictive of acs recurrence. An interesting recent development in cognitive theories of depression is the. The etiology of depression depression in parents, parenting. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Depression is the most common of the affective disorders. The psychology and neuroscience of depression and anxiety. Genetic, molecular and neuroimaging studies have continued to contribute to advances in understanding the neurobiological basis.
However, also other biological responses may also result from the stimulation of serotonin. In contrast, for nonmelancholic depression, the role of personality. Both biological and psychological factors have been implicated in the etiology and treatment of depression. It is very difficult to actually measure the level of neurotransmitters in a persons brain and their activity. For psychotic or melancholic depression, physical and biological factors are relevant. Social environment plays a role in depression both directly and indirectly. Biological approach overview of theories and studies, research and ethics sociocultural approach overview of theories and studies, research and ethics cognitive approach overview of theories and studies, research and ethics. Biological and psychological theories are the ones which have mainly tried to explain the origin of this mental disorder. As the depression deepens, biological symptoms including changes in sleep patterns, appetite, physical, and mental fatigue, as well as a general loss of pleasure in life intensify. The prevalence of depression was already wellrecognised more than half a century ago. Psychological theories of depression simply psychology. In contrast, people with depression who benefit from taking antidepressants or receiving electroshock therapy both show increased creation of new neurons.
Cultural influences on the presentation of depression. Economic theories influenced by individualistic and capitalist perspectives economic theories lack of temporal validity most of the research is era dependent and does not account for the diverse types and styles of relationships that exist more frequently now. A trial carried out in rural uganda, for example, showed that group interpersonal psychotherapy substantially reduced the symptoms and prevalence of depression among 341 men and women meeting criteria for. However, freud also argued that some cases of depression could be linked to loss or rejection by a parent. Uncovering the biology of depression yale scientific magazine. Biological factors the biological factors that might have some effect on depression include. Biological theories of depression and implications for current and. Its normal to be emotional because of the changing hormones, but postpartum depression is a serious condition. One of these is the monoamine theory, which hypothesises that depression may be due to a decrease in nora.
With postpartum depression, mothers develop symptoms of depression after giving birth. These physical symptoms occur in nearly all body systems and are often the presenting features in the nonpsychiatric setting. But before we dive into the 3 explanations, what exactly is meant by biological explanation of depression. Request pdf biological theories of depression and implications for current and new treatments unipolar major depressive disorder is a. There are several biological explanations of depression but today we will discuss 3 in particular. Biological theories of depression flashcards quizlet. The genetic basis of depression studies, genred and dent, have come close to this sample size and consequently a majority of studies may have been underpowered to detect true linkage signals. Clinical depression consists of a group of disorders with various causes. Recommended reading please open this document for a list of interesting contemporary books relevant to psychology. Using the reading above summarise the gender differences in communication and suggest how they can impact on maintenance of relationships.
Biological, psychosocial, and spiritual dimensions and treatment abdulmissagh ghadirian, m. Economic theories presume we are driven by selfish needs. Biological theory of depression in the light of new evidence ncbi. Biology of depression psychoneuroimmunology depression. Psychiatric disorders are currently defined by symptoms much of what we understand about the biology of psychiatric disorders comes from experience with pharmacotherapies the current aim is to develop a biologicallybased system for diagnosing psychiatric disorders. Reducing our feelings and reactions to robotlike behavior is not only unethical, it also ignores the factors in our every day environment our childhood experiences and the influence and behavior of friends and media that have been found to affect us. May 10, 2014 the theory that depression is a biological disease, caused by an imbalance of serotonin and the other neurotransmitters is invalid. The evolution of major depression involves a relapsing and remitting pattern in most patients.
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